Qu’est-ce que le quotient intellectuel ?
L'intelligence est un concept multiple composé de diverses facettes. Parmi celles-ci, on distingue principalement les intelligences numérique, verbale et logique. Ces facteurs sont considérés comme autant de déclinaisons d'un facteur plus général, dit facteur général d'intelligence ou quotient intellectuel.Le quotient intellectuel (QI) est une estimation des capacités générales de raisonnement d'un individu.
Historique
Dès la fin du XIXème siècle, des chercheurs se sont intéressés aux moyens de mesurer l’intelligence.Le premier test d’intelligence a été inventé en 1905 par les français Alfred Binet et Théodore Simon.
Ce test, appelé échelle métrique de l'intelligence, est le fruit de recherches menées à la demande du ministère français de l’Éducation afin de détecter précocement les élèves en échec scolaire et de leur apporter un soutien personnalisé.
C’est l’allemand Wilhelm Stern qui a inventé le terme de quotient intellectuel en 1912. Il a eu l’idée de faire le rapport entre les résultats obtenus au test de Binet & Simon et l’âge réel de la personne.Autre test fréquemment utilisé : le WAIS (échelle d’intelligence pour adultes) créé en 1939 par David Wechsler, qui visait à identifier les individus avec des aptitudes supérieures à la moyenne. Cette batterie de tests permet de transformer les scores obtenus en une seule note dont la référence est fixée à 100.
Comment mesure-t-on le QI ?
Les tests qui permettent de calculer le QI sont élaborés par des psychologues. Ce sont des tests psychométriques.
Un test de QI n'a de sens que par rapport à un type de population donné. Pour mesurer le QI, on peut prendre en compte l'âge ou le sexe de la personne, son niveau d'étude, son pays d'origine afin de faire un calcul selon un étalonnage précis. Le QI se veut une mesure de l'intelligence générale. Il s'agit donc d'une capacité générale à penser et à résoudre des problèmes dans un laps de temps limité.
Des études scientifiques ont montré que les scores de QI au sein de la population suivaient toujours une loi de distribution normale. Par convention, la moyenne générale du QI a été fixé à 100 et l'écart-type à 15. Ainsi, 68% de la population dispose d'un QI entre 85 et 115. 3% dépassent le seuil de 130, ce qui indique un niveau très supérieur à la moyenne. Pour 3%, le QI est inférieur à 70, révélant une faiblesse intellectuelle.
Les principales composantes de l'intelligence générale
- L'intelligence logique : Faculté à établir des liens entre divers éléments et à découvrir les relations existantes au sein d'ensembles complexes.Dans la vie professionnelle, de nombreuses activités font appel aux capacités logiques. Ainsi l'informatique, le droit ou la médecine sont des activités où la logique est prédominante.
- L'intelligence numérique : Faculté à manier les données numériques avec méthode et justesse.Les situations faisant appel au facteur numérique sont variées : calcul mental, finances, négociations, interprétation de chiffres, suivi de budget, conversions entre devises, etc.
- L'intelligence verbale : Faculté à comprendre les subtilités de la langue et à manier correctement les données verbales.L'aptitude à identifier et à comprendre rapidement les informations qui nous parviennent constitue un atout dans la vie professionnelle.
Toutefois les tests de QI ne donnent qu'une mesure approximative de l'intelligence d'un individu. Bien que fiables, ils ne permettent pas de mesurer l'ouverture d'esprit, la sensibilité ou la créativité. Le débat reste ouvert et les sciences cognitives feront certainement évoluer ces recherches. Certaines études révèlent que le quotient intellectuel (QI) n'intervient qu'à hauteur de 20 % dans la réussite d'un individu.Le Quotient Émotionnel (QE), c'est-à-dire la capacité à percevoir ses propres émotions et celles des autres serait plus un facteur plus déterminant.
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